Golden Sunbird Metals is China’s leading supplier of Stainless Steels, specializing in high-quality Ferritic Stainless Steel Tpye 405, Type 409, Type 430, Type 434, Type 436, Type 439, Type 444 (UNS S44400), 26-1S (UNS S44626), E-BRITE 26-1 (UNS S44627), MONIT (UNS S44635), SEA-CURE (UNS S44660), AL 29-4C (UNS S44735), AL 29-4-2 (UNS S44800), Martensitic Stainless Steel Type 410, Type 420, Type 431, Type 440A, Type 440B, Type 440C, Type 416, 17-4 PH, 17-7 PH, Austenitic Stainless Steel Type 304 (UNS S30408), Type 304L (UNS S30403) Type 316 (UNS S31608), Type 316L (UNS S31603), Type 317L (UNS S31703), Type 310S (UNS S31008), Type 321 (UNS S32100), Type 347 (UNS S34700), Type 348 (UNS S34800), Alloy 20 (UNS N08020), Alloy 825 (UNS N08825), 317LN (UNS S31753), 260 (UNS S31753), 317LMN (UNS S31725), NAS 204X (UNS S31050), 310MoLN (UNS S31050), 700 (UNS N08700), 904L (UNS N08904), 904LN (UNS N08904), 20Mo-4 (UNS N08024), 20 Mod (UNS N08024), Alloy 28 (UNS N08028), 20Mo-6 (UNS N08926), 25-6MO (UNS N08925), 1925hMo (UNS N08925), 25-6Mo (UNS N08932), 254 SMO (UNS S31254), AL-6XN (UNS N08367), YUS 170 (UNS N08367), 2419MoN (UNS N08367), 4565 (UNS S34565), B66 (UNS S31266), 3127hMo (UNS N08301), and 654 SMO (UNS S32654), UNS S38815 and Duplex Stainless Steel Type 329 (UNS S32900), 3RE60 (UNS S31500), 2304 (UNS S32304), 45MN*** (UNS S32900), 44LN (UNS S31200), 2205 (UNS S31803), 2205 (UNS S32205), 7-Mo PLUS (UNS S32950), DP3 (UNS S31260), UR 47N (UNS S32520), 64*** (UNS S32520), Ferralium 255/SD50 (UNS S32550), DP3W (UNS S32974), ZERON 100 (UNS S32760), 2507 (UNS S32750), and 52N+ (UNS S32520) materials. We offer stainless steel tubes, plates, bars, pipe fittings, flanges, and valves widely used in oil and gas, petrochemical, acid and alkali, salt, construction, decoration, furniture, and machining. Our stainless steel products demonstrate exceptional performance and durability in harsh environments and demanding conditions, ensuring the longevity and safety of equipment. Choosing Golden Sunbird Metals means choosing high standards of quality and service. Contact us at [email protected] to learn how our stainless steel solutions can elevate your project.

GOLDEN SUNBIRD METALS’ SUPPLY LIST OF STAINLESS STEEL PRODUCTS:

Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube

Known for their corrosion resistance, high strength, and versatility, making them essential for applications in industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, food processing, and construction.

Stainless Steel Plate and Sheet

They offer excellent corrosion resistance, durability, and versatility, making them indispensable for industrial machinery and equipment applications for architectural and decorative uses.

Stainless Steel Bar

Valued for its strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability, making it essential in applications such as construction, aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing of precision components.

Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings

Prized for their durability, corrosion resistance, and suitability for demanding environments, they are essential for connecting and controlling fluid flow in industries including chemical processing, oil and gas, and food processing.

Stainless Steel Flanges

They are crucially used in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, and power generation because of their robustness, corrosion resistance, and ability to facilitate secure connections in piping systems.

Stainless Steel Valves

Offering excellent corrosion resistance, durability, high-temperature and pressure tolerance, and ease of maintenance, making them ideal for use in the oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, water treatment, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, marine, HVAC, and mining industries.

FAQs

Stainless steels are a group of iron-based alloys known for their corrosion resistance, their most prominent property. They typically contain at least 10.5% chromium, which forms a passive layer of chromium oxide on the surface of the steel, preventing further surface corrosion and blocking corrosion from spreading into the metal’s internal structure.

Here are some key characteristics and types of stainless steels:

Corrosion Resistance: The chromium content allows the formation of a thin, invisible oxide layer on the surface, which protects the underlying material from corrosion.
Strength: Stainless steels can be highly durable and robust, making them suitable for various applications.
Temperature Resistance: Many stainless steels can withstand high temperatures.
Aesthetic Appeal: They have a shiny, attractive appearance, making them popular for architectural and consumer applications.
Hygienic Properties: They are easy to clean and sterilize and essential for medical and food-related uses.

Stainless steels are used for various reasons stemming from their unique properties and advantages. Here are the primary reasons why stainless steels are widely utilized across different industries:

1. Corrosion Resistance
Oxide Layer Protection: Chromium in stainless steel forms a passive oxide layer on the surface, preventing corrosion. This makes stainless steel ideal for environments that otherwise cause rust and deterioration in other metals.
Wide Range of Environments: Stainless steels can resist corrosion in various settings, including acidic, alkaline, and marine environments.
2. Strength and Durability
High Tensile Strength: Many stainless steel grades offer excellent strength, which can be maintained at high and low temperatures.
Longevity: The durability of stainless steel ensures long service life, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
3. Hygiene and Cleanliness
Easy to Clean: Stainless steel has a smooth surface that is easy to clean and sterilize, making it ideal for medical equipment, food processing, and kitchen utensils.
Non-porous: Its non-porous nature prevents bacteria and other pathogens from adhering to surfaces, maintaining hygiene standards.
4. Aesthetic Appeal
Attractive Finish: Stainless steel has a bright, modern appearance and is often used in architecture and consumer goods for its aesthetic appeal.
Variety of Finishes: It can be polished to a high shine or given a matte or brushed finish, providing flexibility in design.
5. Heat and Fire Resistance
High Melting Point: Stainless steels can withstand high temperatures without losing strength or shape.
Fire Resistance: They are used in applications requiring fire-resistant materials, such as building facades and industrial equipment.
6. Sustainability
Recyclability: Stainless steel is 100% recyclable. Scraps can be reprocessed into new stainless steel without any loss in quality, making it an environmentally friendly option.
Longevity: Stainless steel’s long lifespan reduces waste and the need for frequent replacements, contributing to sustainability.
7. Versatility and Variety
Multiple Grades: There are numerous grades of stainless steel, each tailored for specific applications. This versatility ensures a suitable grade for almost any environment or requirement.
Adaptability: Stainless steels can be easily fabricated, welded, and machined, making them adaptable to various manufacturing processes and applications.
8. Cost-Effectiveness
Low Maintenance: Despite higher initial costs, stainless steel’s low maintenance and long life make it cost-effective in the long run.
Reduced Downtime: Its durability and resistance to damage reduce the need for repairs and downtime in industrial applications.

The production of stainless steel involves several key steps, each crucial to ensuring the final product possesses the desired strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. Here is an overview of the stainless steel manufacturing process:

1. Raw Material Preparation
Iron Ore and Other Raw Materials: Stainless steel production starts with iron ore, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, silicon, and other alloying elements. Scrap metal is also used to ensure efficient resource utilization.
Blending: The raw materials are carefully blended to achieve the desired chemical composition.
2. Melting
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF): The blended materials are melted in an electric arc furnace, where high-temperature electric arcs melt the metal. This process can take several hours.
Refining: During the melting process, refining agents are added to remove impurities such as carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus. Oxygen may be blown into the furnace to oxidize these impurities.
3. Tapping and Casting
Tapping: Once the metal is fully melted and refined, it is tapped from the furnace. The molten steel is poured into a ladle.
Secondary Refining (AOD or VOD): The molten steel often undergoes secondary refining processes like Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) or Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) to achieve precise control over the chemical composition and to reduce carbon content further.
Casting: The refined molten steel is then cast into semi-finished forms such as billets, blooms, or slabs. This can be done through continuous casting or ingot casting.
4. Forming
Hot Rolling: The semi-finished steel forms are heated and passed through rolling mills to create sheets, plates, bars, or wires. This hot rolling process reduces the thickness and refines the grain structure.
Cold Rolling: For specific applications, the steel undergoes cold rolling, which involves rolling the steel at room temperature to achieve tighter tolerances and improved surface finish.
5. Heat Treatment
Annealing: The rolled steel is subjected to annealing, a heat treatment process that involves heating it to a high temperature and cooling it slowly. This process relieves internal stresses, enhances ductility, and improves corrosion resistance.
Quenching and Tempering: Some grades of stainless steel may undergo quenching (rapid cooling) and tempering (controlled reheating) to achieve specific mechanical properties.
6. Descaling
Pickling: The annealed stainless steel is often covered with scale and impurities, which are removed through pickling. This involves immersing the steel in an acid (typically hydrochloric or sulfuric acid) to clean the surface.
Electropolishing: Electropolishing may be used to achieve a superior finish. In this process, the steel is subjected to an electrochemical process that smooths and brightens the surface.
7. Cutting and Shaping
Cutting: The steel is cut into the desired shapes and sizes using various cutting methods, such as shearing, sawing, or laser cutting.
Shaping: Further shaping processes, such as bending, forming, or machining, create the final product.
8. Finishing
Surface Finishing: Stainless steel can undergo various finishing processes, such as grinding, polishing, or brushing, to achieve the desired surface texture and appearance.
Coating: Some applications may require additional coatings, such as passivation or application of protective films, to enhance corrosion resistance further.
9. Quality Control and Testing
Inspection: The finished stainless steel products are subjected to rigorous quality control measures, including visual inspection, mechanical testing, and chemical analysis, to ensure they meet the specified standards and requirements.
Non-destructive Testing (NDT): Techniques such as ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, and eddy current testing may be used to detect internal defects and ensure the integrity of the material.
10. Packaging and Distribution
Packaging: The stainless steel products are carefully packaged to protect them from damage during transportation.
Distribution: The products are distributed to various industries for applications ranging from construction and automotive to medical devices and kitchen appliances.

1. Austenitic Stainless Steels:

Composition: Typically contains 16-26% chromium and 6-22% nickel.
Properties: Excellent corrosion resistance, good formability, and weldability.
Examples: 304, 316 grades.
Applications: Food processing equipment, kitchen utensils, medical devices.
2. Ferritic Stainless Steels:

Composition: Contain 10.5-27% chromium with little or no nickel.
Properties: Good corrosion resistance, magnetic, and less ductile than austenitic grades.
Examples: 430 grade.
Applications: Automotive parts, industrial equipment, and home appliances.
3. Martensitic Stainless Steels:

Composition: Contain 11-17% chromium and higher carbon content.
Properties: High strength, hardness, moderate corrosion resistance, and magnetic.
Examples: 410, 420 grades.
Applications: Cutlery, surgical instruments, and turbine blades.
4. Duplex Stainless Steels:

Composition: Balanced mixture of austenitic and ferritic structures, with 19-28% chromium and 5-8% nickel.
Properties: High strength and excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
Examples: 2205 grade.
Applications: Chemical processing, oil and gas industry, marine environments.
5. Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels:

Composition: They contain chromium and nickel with additional elements like copper, which allows them to be hardened by heat treatment.
Properties: High strength and good corrosion resistance.
Examples: 17-4PH.
Applications: Aerospace components, mechanical components.

Caring for and maintaining stainless steels involves several key practices to ensure their longevity and aesthetic appeal. Here’s a comprehensive guide:

General Maintenance
Regular Cleaning:

Use mild soap or detergent with warm water for routine cleaning.
Wipe surfaces with a soft cloth or sponge.
Rinse thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue.
Dry with a clean towel or cloth to prevent water spots and streaks.
Avoiding Abrasives:

Do not use abrasive cleaners, steel wool, or scouring pads as they can scratch the surface.
For stubborn stains, use a non-abrasive cleaning powder or paste and a soft cloth.
Stain Removal:

For minor stains or fingerprints, a glass cleaner or a solution of vinegar and water can be effective.
For more persistent stains, a paste of baking soda and water applied with a soft cloth can help.
Specialized Care
Removing Rust:

Despite its name, stainless steel can develop rust spots. Use a commercial rust remover or a mixture of baking soda and lemon juice.
Apply the solution with a soft cloth and gently rub the rusted area. Rinse and dry thoroughly.
Polishing:

To maintain a shiny finish, use a stainless steel polish or a solution of olive oil and a few drops of lemon juice.
Apply with a soft cloth and buff to a shine.
Protective Coatings:

Applying a thin layer of car wax or a stainless steel sealant can help protect against stains and fingerprints.
Ensure the surface is clean before applying the coating.
Preventative Measures
Avoiding Chlorides:

Chlorides, found in salt and some cleaners, can cause pitting and corrosion. Rinse the steel thoroughly if it comes into contact with salt or chlorine-based cleaners.
Controlling Moisture:

Keep stainless steel surfaces as dry as possible to prevent water spots and potential rusting.
In areas with high humidity, regular drying and the use of a dehumidifier can help.
Minimizing Contact with Iron:

Prevent contact with iron or steel objects which can cause rust transfer. This includes iron nails, steel wool, and other tools.
Maintenance Frequency
Daily: Wipe down frequently used surfaces to remove fingerprints and smudges.
Weekly: Perform a more thorough cleaning with soap and water, and inspect for any signs of rust or stains.
Monthly: Polish the surface and apply a protective coating if necessary.
Annually: Inspect for any signs of damage or corrosion, and address any issues promptly.
Specific Applications
Kitchen Appliances and Surfaces:

Regularly clean and dry to prevent food stains and water spots.
Use a dedicated stainless steel cleaner for a streak-free finish.
Outdoor Structures:

Clean regularly to remove environmental contaminants.
Apply a protective wax or sealant to shield against weather elements.
Industrial Equipment:

Follow manufacturer guidelines for cleaning and maintenance.
Regularly inspect for signs of wear, corrosion, or mechanical damage.

Yes, stainless steels can be recycled. Stainless steel is one of the most recyclable materials available and has a high recycling rate. Here are some critical points about recycling stainless steel:

High Recyclability

  1. Infinite Recycling: Stainless steel can be recycled indefinitely without losing its properties or performance.
  2. High Recycling Rate: Many stainless steel products contain recycled material, often between 60-80%.

Recycling Process

  1. Collection: Stainless steel scrap is collected from various sources, such as manufacturing waste, end-of-life products, and industrial equipment.
  2. Sorting: The scrap is sorted based on the type and grade of stainless steel.
  3. Shredding: The sorted scrap is shredded into smaller pieces to facilitate melting.
  4. Melting: The shredded scrap is melted in an electric arc furnace.
  5. Refining: The molten metal is refined to remove impurities and adjust the composition to meet specific standards.
  6. Casting: The refined molten stainless steel is cast into slabs or other forms for further processing into new products.

Environmental Benefits

  1. Resource Conservation: Recycling stainless steel reduces the need for raw materials like iron ore, nickel, and chromium.
  2. Energy Savings: Recycling consumes less energy than producing stainless steel from raw materials.
  3. Reduced Emissions: Recycling stainless steel helps lower greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants associated with mining and processing raw materials.

Economic Benefits

  1. Cost Efficiency: Recycling stainless steel can be more cost-effective than producing new stainless steel from raw materials.
  2. Market Value: Stainless steel scrap has significant market value, creating economic incentives for recycling.

Applications of Recycled Stainless Steel

Recycled stainless steel is used in a wide range of applications, including:

  • Construction and infrastructure projects.
  • Manufacturing of kitchenware and appliances.
  • Automotive and transportation industries.
  • Industrial equipment and machinery.

By recycling stainless steel, we can conserve resources, save energy, and reduce environmental impact while maintaining the quality and performance of this versatile material.

Stainless steels of various kinds are used in thousands of applications. The following gives just a flavour of the full range:

  • Domestic – cutlery, sinks, saucepans, washing machine drums, microwave oven liners, razor blades
  • Architectural/Civil Engineering – cladding, handrails, door and window fittings, street furniture, structural sections, reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry supports
  • Transport – exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road tankers, ship containers, ships chemical tankers, refuse vehicles.
  • Chemical/Pharmaceutical – pressure vessels, process piping.
  • Oil and Gas – platform accommodation, cable trays, subsea pipelines.
  • Medical – Surgical instruments, surgical implants, MRI scanners.
  • Food and Drink – Catering equipment, brewing, distilling, food processing.
  • Water – Water and sewage treatment, water tubing, hot water tanks.
  • General – springs, fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers), wire

Stainless steel has several environmental impacts throughout its lifecycle, from production to end-of-life recycling. Here’s an overview of these impacts:

Production Phase

  1. Raw Material Extraction:
    • Mining: The extraction of iron ore, nickel, chromium, and other raw materials used in stainless steel can destroy habitats, cause soil erosion, and pollute the environment.
    • Energy Consumption: Mining and processing raw materials are energy-intensive activities contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation.
  2. Manufacturing:
    • Energy Use: Producing stainless steel requires significant energy consumption, primarily from electricity and fossil fuels, which contribute to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.
    • Water Usage: Large volumes of water are used in manufacturing, which can lead to water scarcity and pollution if not managed properly.
    • Air Emissions: The production process releases CO₂, sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which can contribute to air pollution and climate change.

Usage Phase

  1. Durability:
    • Longevity: Stainless steel is highly durable and corrosion-resistant, reducing the need for frequent replacements and maintenance. This longevity helps mitigate the environmental impact associated with manufacturing new products.
    • Maintenance: The ease of cleaning and maintaining stainless steel can reduce the use of harsh chemicals and cleaning agents, lessening the potential for environmental pollution.
  2. Recyclability:
    • High Recycling Rate: Stainless steel has a high recycling rate, often containing 60-80% recycled material. This reduces the demand for virgin raw materials and the environmental impacts of mining and processing.
    • Energy Savings: Recycling stainless steel uses significantly less energy than producing new stainless steel from raw materials, leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions.

End-of-Life Phase

  1. Recycling:
    • Closed-Loop Recycling: Stainless steel can be recycled indefinitely without losing its properties, making it a sustainable material choice. The recycling process involves melting down scrap metal and reforming it into new products.
    • Resource Conservation: Recycling stainless steel conserves natural resources and reduces the environmental impact of raw material extraction and processing.
  2. Waste Management:
    • Reduced Landfill: Stainless steel’s high recyclability means less waste ends up in landfills, reducing the environmental burden of waste management.
    • Economic Incentives: The market value of stainless steel scrap creates economic incentives for its collection and recycling, further promoting sustainable practices.

Overall Environmental Impact

While stainless steel production has significant environmental impacts due to energy consumption, emissions, and resource use, its high durability, low maintenance requirements, and excellent recyclability make it a relatively sustainable material over its entire lifecycle. The environmental benefits of recycling and the long lifespan of stainless steel products help offset some of the initial environmental costs associated with its production.

To further mitigate its environmental impact, the industry is making efforts to improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and enhance recycling processes.

The cost of stainless steels can vary significantly compared to other metals due to factors like raw material prices, processing costs, and market demand. Here’s a breakdown of how stainless steel compares to some common metals:

1. Carbon Steel

  • Cost Comparison: Carbon steel is generally cheaper than stainless steel.
  • Reasons:
    • Material Composition: Carbon steel lacks the alloying elements (like chromium and nickel) that make stainless steel more expensive.
    • Production Process: Carbon steel is less complex and energy-intensive than stainless steel.
  • Usage: Preferred in applications where corrosion resistance is less critical, such as in the construction and automotive industries.

2. Aluminum

  • Cost Comparison: Aluminum can be either more or less expensive than stainless steel, depending on the specific alloy and market conditions.
  • Reasons:
    • Material Properties: Aluminum is lighter and often used in applications where weight reduction is crucial despite its higher cost.
    • Processing: While aluminum is generally easier to form and work with, some high-strength aluminum alloys can be costly.
  • Usage: Common in aerospace, transportation, and packaging due to its lightweight and corrosion resistance.

3. Copper

  • Cost Comparison: Copper is usually more expensive than stainless steel.
  • Reasons:
    • Raw Material Cost: Copper ore is generally more expensive than the raw materials used in stainless steel.
    • Demand: Copper has high demand in electrical applications due to its excellent conductivity.
  • Usage: Widely used in electrical wiring, plumbing, and heating systems.

4. Titanium

  • Cost Comparison: Titanium is significantly more expensive than stainless steel.
  • Reasons:
    • Material Properties: Titanium has excellent strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, especially in extreme environments.
    • Production: Extracting and processing titanium is complex and energy-intensive.
  • Usage: Used in aerospace, medical implants, and high-performance applications.

5. Brass

  • Cost Comparison: Brass is generally more expensive than stainless steel.
  • Reasons:
    • Material Composition: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, both relatively expensive.
    • Properties: Brass is valued for its workability and aesthetic appeal.
  • Usage: Used in decorative items, plumbing, and musical instruments.

6. Nickel Alloys

  • Cost Comparison: Nickel alloys are typically more expensive than stainless steel.
  • Reasons:
    • Material Properties: High-performance nickel alloys offer superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in extreme environments.
    • Production: These alloys often involve complex manufacturing processes.
  • Usage: Common in chemical processing, aerospace, and marine applications.

Factors Influencing Cost

  1. Raw Material Prices: The cost of alloying elements like chromium, nickel, and molybdenum can significantly impact the price of stainless steel.
  2. Production Complexity: Advanced manufacturing techniques and treatments (e.g., heat treatments and cold working) increase the overall cost.
  3. Market Demand: Fluctuations in demand across different industries can influence prices.
  4. Recycling Content: The proportion of recycled material used can affect costs, as recycled stainless steel is generally cheaper.

Conclusion

  • Stainless Steel vs. Carbon Steel: More expensive due to alloying elements and processing costs.
  • Stainless Steel vs. Aluminum: Variable; depends on specific alloys and application requirements.
  • Stainless Steel vs. Copper, Brass, Titanium, and Nickel Alloys: Generally less expensive but varies based on specific application needs and properties required.

While stainless steel is often more expensive than carbon steel, its cost is justified by its superior corrosion resistance, durability, and overall performance in various applications. When choosing between metals, it’s important to consider the initial material cost and the lifecycle cost, including maintenance, longevity, and performance in the intended application.

Definition of UNS S32205:

UNS S32205, also known as Duplex 2205, is a duplex stainless steel grade composed of roughly equal parts austenitic and ferritic phases. It offers a combination of high strength and excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in environments with chlorides and other corrosive chemicals. The dual-phase structure gives it superior resistance to stress corrosion cracking, pitting, and crevice corrosion, which makes it ideal for demanding environments.

Applications of UNS S32205:

Duplex 2205 is widely used in applications requiring both strength and corrosion resistance, especially in harsh conditions. Key applications include:

  • Oil and Gas Industry: Used in offshore platforms, pipelines, and subsea equipment due to its excellent resistance to seawater and chloride environments.
  • Chemical Processing Industry: Utilized in chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and storage tanks where exposure to acidic and chloride-laden solutions is common.
  • Marine Industry: Suitable for marine environments, including boat components, desalination plants, and seawater handling systems.
  • Power Generation: Applied in cooling water systems, especially in the nuclear and thermal power industries.
  • Pulp and Paper Industry: Used in bleaching equipment where exposure to caustic solutions and acidic chemicals occurs.
  • Food Processing Equipment: Valued in food and beverage processing systems that need to maintain hygiene while resisting corrosion from chemicals or cleaning agents.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Equipment in production plants that must maintain cleanliness and resist chemical degradation.

Product Forms of UNS S32205:

UNS S32205 is available in a variety of product forms to meet different engineering needs. These include:

  • Pipes and Tubes: Seamless and welded pipes for use in the transport of fluids and gases under high pressure or corrosive conditions.
  • Plates and Sheets: Commonly used for making large structures such as tanks, vessels, and reactors.
  • Bars and Rods: Round, square, or flat bars used in manufacturing bolts, fasteners, and structural components.
  • Fittings and Flanges: Available as forged or welded fittings and flanges for use in piping systems.
  • Wires: Used in applications such as mesh and welding.

Related Standards for UNS S32205:

Several international standards cover the production and quality requirements of UNS S32205. Key standards include:

  1. ASTM Standards:
    • ASTM A240: Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications.
    • ASTM A182: Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service.
    • ASTM A790: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe.
    • ASTM A815: Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.
  2. ASME Standards:
    • ASME SA-240: Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels.
    • ASME SA-790: Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe.
  3. EN Standards:
    • EN 10088-2: Stainless steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion-resisting steels for general purposes.
    • EN 10216-5: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Technical delivery conditions – Part 5: Stainless steel tubes.
  4. ISO Standards:
    • ISO 15156: Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production.

Definition of UNS S32750:

UNS S32750, also known as Super Duplex 2507, is a high-performance duplex stainless steel with a higher alloy content than standard duplex grades like UNS S32205. It has a dual-phase microstructure consisting of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steel, providing excellent mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. It is particularly resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, pitting, and crevice corrosion, making it ideal for use in highly corrosive environments.

UNS S32750 is known for its:

  • High chromium (24-26%) and molybdenum (3-5%) content, which enhances its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
  • High tensile strength and yield strength due to the combination of ferritic and austenitic phases.

Applications of UNS S32750:

UNS S32750 is utilized in a variety of demanding applications, particularly in environments exposed to extreme conditions, such as:

  1. Oil and Gas Industry:
    • Offshore platforms, subsea pipelines, and equipment handling sour gases (H2S).
    • Heat exchangers, flowlines, and valves in marine environments.
  2. Chemical and Petrochemical Processing:
    • Handling of chemicals and acids, particularly in aggressive chloride-containing environments.
    • Processing equipment and piping systems in refineries and chemical plants.
  3. Marine and Desalination Applications:
    • Seawater handling systems, desalination plants, and shipbuilding components.
    • Water treatment systems in harsh environments where chloride-induced corrosion is a concern.
  4. Pulp and Paper Industry:
    • Equipment used in bleach plants and chemical recovery systems where resistance to corrosion and high strength is critical.
  5. Power Generation:
    • Heat exchangers and cooling systems in nuclear and thermal power plants.
  6. Environmental Engineering:
    • Wastewater treatment plants and pollution control systems where high chloride concentrations exist.

Product Forms of UNS S32750:

UNS S32750 is available in a wide range of product forms, including:

  1. Pipes and Tubes:
    • Seamless and welded pipes for the transport of corrosive fluids and gases in critical applications.
  2. Plates and Sheets:
    • Used in manufacturing large components such as reactors, pressure vessels, and heat exchangers.
  3. Bars and Rods:
    • Supplied as round, square, or flat bars for use in bolts, fasteners, and structural components.
  4. Fittings and Flanges:
    • Forged and welded fittings and flanges used in piping systems that require high corrosion resistance and strength.
  5. Wires:
    • Used in welding applications or in the production of components like mesh and screens.

Related Standards for UNS S32750:

Several standards cover the production, quality, and applications of UNS S32750. These include:

  1. ASTM Standards:
    • ASTM A240: Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications.
    • ASTM A182: Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service.
    • ASTM A789: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service.
    • ASTM A790: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe.
    • ASTM A815: Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.
  2. ASME Standards:
    • ASME SA-240: Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels.
    • ASME SA-789: Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service.
    • ASME SA-790: Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe.
  3. EN Standards:
    • EN 10088-2: Stainless steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion-resisting steels for general purposes.
    • EN 10216-5: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Technical delivery conditions – Part 5: Stainless steel tubes.
  4. ISO Standards:
    • ISO 15156: Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production (related to sour service applications).

Definition of UNS S32760:

UNS S32760 is a super duplex stainless steel grade known for its excellent corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength. It is a dual-phase steel, with a nearly equal distribution of austenite and ferrite, and has enhanced alloying elements such as chromium (24-26%), molybdenum (3-4%), and nitrogen to improve its resistance to localized corrosion, especially in harsh environments containing chlorides and sulfides. UNS S32760 also contains a small amount of tungsten, further enhancing its pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.

This grade is often referred to by trade names like Zeron® 100 and is specifically designed for challenging environments like those found in the oil and gas, marine, and chemical processing industries.

Applications of UNS S32760:

UNS S32760 is ideal for applications where both high strength and resistance to aggressive corrosion are required. Key industries and applications include:

  1. Oil and Gas Industry:
    • Used in subsea equipment, flowlines, heat exchangers, and pipework exposed to sour gas and seawater.
    • Suitable for offshore platforms, umbilicals, and pipelines where high corrosion resistance and mechanical strength are essential.
  2. Marine Industry:
    • Applied in shipbuilding, seawater desalination systems, and marine hardware where materials must withstand exposure to saltwater.
  3. Chemical and Petrochemical Processing:
    • Equipment and piping systems handling corrosive chemicals and brine, such as chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and pressure vessels.
  4. Desalination Plants:
    • Seawater intake systems, evaporators, and heat recovery components where long-term corrosion resistance in chloride-rich environments is crucial.
  5. Power Generation:
    • Used in nuclear and conventional power plants, particularly in cooling systems exposed to high-chloride environments.
  6. Pulp and Paper Industry:
    • Equipment exposed to aggressive chemicals during the pulp bleaching process.

Product Forms of UNS S32760:

UNS S32760 is available in various product forms, enabling its use in different industrial applications. These include:

  1. Pipes and Tubes:
    • Seamless and welded pipes and tubes for the transportation of corrosive fluids and gases.
  2. Plates and Sheets:
    • Used for fabricating large components such as reactors, pressure vessels, and storage tanks.
  3. Bars and Rods:
    • Available in round, square, and flat bars used for fasteners, structural components, and mechanical parts.
  4. Fittings and Flanges:
    • Forged or welded fittings and flanges for use in piping systems requiring high strength and corrosion resistance.
  5. Wires:
    • Used for welding applications and in the manufacture of components requiring high corrosion resistance.

Related Standards for UNS S32760:

Several international standards cover the manufacturing and quality requirements of UNS S32760, ensuring its performance in challenging environments. These include:

  1. ASTM Standards:
    • ASTM A240: Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications.
    • ASTM A182: Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service.
    • ASTM A789: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service.
    • ASTM A790: Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe.
    • ASTM A815: Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.
  2. ASME Standards:
    • ASME SA-240: Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels.
    • ASME SA-789: Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service.
    • ASME SA-790: Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe.
  3. EN Standards:
    • EN 10088-2: Stainless steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion-resisting steels for general purposes.
    • EN 10216-5: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Technical delivery conditions – Part 5: Stainless steel tubes.
  4. ISO Standards:
    • ISO 15156: Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production (related to sour service applications).

Definition of UNS S31254:

UNS S31254, commonly known as 6Mo stainless steel or 254 SMO, is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel with a high content of molybdenum (6%) and nitrogen. It is specifically designed for extreme resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments. It offers a combination of excellent corrosion resistance, high mechanical strength, and good weldability. UNS S31254 is ideal for environments where standard austenitic stainless steels, such as 316L, are inadequate due to aggressive chloride corrosion.

Applications of UNS S31254:

UNS S31254 is used in a wide variety of industries, particularly those exposed to harsh environments with high chloride levels. Key applications include:

  1. Marine Industry:
    • Seawater handling systems, desalination plants, and marine heat exchangers.
    • Equipment in offshore oil and gas platforms and shipbuilding that must resist corrosion from seawater exposure.
  2. Chemical Processing:
    • Piping, heat exchangers, and storage tanks in environments containing aggressive chemicals like chlorides, acids, and halides.
    • Used in chemical processing plants, particularly those producing organic and inorganic chemicals.
  3. Oil and Gas Industry:
    • Components such as flowlines, risers, and valves exposed to sour gas, brine, and other corrosive fluids.
    • Oil refinery and petrochemical equipment exposed to chloride stress corrosion cracking.
  4. Desalination Plants:
    • Critical components of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) systems, evaporators, and brine recirculation piping.
  5. Pulp and Paper Industry:
    • Equipment exposed to bleach chemicals, such as pumps, agitators, and heat exchangers, where resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is essential.
  6. Food and Pharmaceutical Industry:
    • Equipment where hygiene and resistance to aggressive cleaning agents (often chloride-based) are required.
  7. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD):
    • Equipment in power plants where the material must resist the highly acidic and chloride-laden environments found in flue gas desulfurization units.

Product Forms of UNS S31254:

UNS S31254 is available in various product forms to meet the needs of different industries and applications. These include:

  1. Pipes and Tubes:
    • Seamless and welded pipes and tubes for transporting corrosive fluids in chemical, oil, and marine industries.
  2. Plates and Sheets:
    • Available in plate and sheet form for fabricating large components like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and tanks.
  3. Bars and Rods:
    • Supplied as round, flat, and square bars for structural components, fasteners, and mechanical parts.
  4. Fittings and Flanges:
    • Forged and welded fittings and flanges for use in high-performance piping systems requiring corrosion resistance.
  5. Wires:
    • Used in welding applications and for the production of components requiring high strength and corrosion resistance.

Related Standards for UNS S31254:

Several international standards govern the manufacturing, quality, and performance of UNS S31254. These standards ensure consistency across various industries. The key standards include:

  1. ASTM Standards:
    • ASTM A240: Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications.
    • ASTM A312: Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.
    • ASTM A182: Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service.
    • ASTM A479: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels.
  2. ASME Standards:
    • ASME SA-240: Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels.
    • ASME SA-312: Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.
  3. EN Standards:
    • EN 10088-2: Stainless steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion-resisting steels for general purposes.
    • EN 10216-5: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Technical delivery conditions – Part 5: Stainless steel tubes.
  4. ISO Standards:
    • ISO 15156: Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production (suitable for sour service applications).

Definition of UNS S32654:

UNS S32654, also known as 6HN stainless steel or 654 SMO, is an ultra-austenitic stainless steel with extremely high levels of molybdenum (up to 7.3%), nitrogen, and chromium (approximately 24%). It was developed to offer superior resistance to localized corrosion, particularly pitting and crevice corrosion in extremely harsh chloride-containing environments. With its high alloy content, UNS S32654 exhibits excellent mechanical strength, resistance to stress corrosion cracking, and overall corrosion resistance, making it suitable for aggressive chemical, marine, and industrial environments.

Applications of UNS S32654:

UNS S32654 is used in a variety of critical applications where exceptional corrosion resistance, particularly in chloride-rich environments, is essential. Typical industries and applications include:

  1. Marine and Offshore Industry:
    • Seawater handling systems, including seawater-cooled heat exchangers, pumps, and valves.
    • Offshore platforms and other marine equipment exposed to highly corrosive saltwater environments.
  2. Chemical Processing:
    • Piping systems, heat exchangers, reactors, and tanks exposed to aggressive chemicals such as chlorides, sulfuric acid, and other corrosive media.
    • Used in the production of chemicals where high resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion is critical.
  3. Oil and Gas Industry:
    • Suitable for components in subsea equipment, umbilicals, flowlines, and topside processing equipment exposed to harsh sour gas environments.
    • Valves, fittings, and piping used in gas and oil refinery systems.
  4. Desalination Plants:
    • Critical parts of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) systems, particularly in evaporation chambers and saltwater processing components.
  5. Pulp and Paper Industry:
    • Bleaching equipment and other components exposed to highly corrosive bleaching agents and chloride-containing chemicals.
  6. Power Generation:
    • Used in power plant cooling systems, particularly in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems, where chloride and sulfur-rich environments are encountered.

Product Forms of UNS S32654:

UNS S32654 is available in a variety of product forms to suit different industrial applications, including:

  1. Pipes and Tubes:
    • Available in seamless and welded forms for transporting aggressive and corrosive fluids in chemical, oil, gas, and marine applications.
  2. Plates and Sheets:
    • Widely used in large components such as heat exchangers, pressure vessels, and storage tanks exposed to highly corrosive environments.
  3. Bars and Rods:
    • Supplied as round, flat, and square bars for fasteners, structural components, and other mechanical parts requiring high corrosion resistance.
  4. Fittings and Flanges:
    • Forged or welded fittings and flanges for high-performance piping systems requiring durability and corrosion resistance.
  5. Wires:
    • Commonly used for welding, particularly in environments where the weld material must maintain corrosion resistance equal to the base material.

Related Standards for UNS S32654:

Several international standards ensure the quality, performance, and consistency of UNS S32654 across industries. These standards include:

  1. ASTM Standards:
    • ASTM A240: Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications.
    • ASTM A312: Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.
    • ASTM A479: Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels.
  2. ASME Standards:
    • ASME SA-240: Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels.
    • ASME SA-312: Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.
  3. EN Standards:
    • EN 10088-2: Stainless steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion-resisting steels for general purposes.
    • EN 10216-5: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Technical delivery conditions – Part 5: Stainless steel tubes.
  4. ISO Standards:
    • ISO 15156: Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production (for sour service applications).

Definition of UNS N08904:

UNS N08904, commonly known as 904L, is a super austenitic stainless steel that contains high levels of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. This alloy is designed to provide excellent corrosion resistance in highly corrosive environments, particularly in the presence of sulfuric acid, chloride ions, and other reducing agents. Its combination of alloying elements makes it highly resistant to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking, especially in harsh environments such as seawater and chemical processing industries.

Applications of UNS N08904:

UNS N08904 is used in a variety of industries that require strong resistance to corrosion and harsh chemicals. Its typical applications include:

  1. Chemical Processing Industry:
    • Storage and transport tanks, piping systems, heat exchangers, and reactors used for handling aggressive chemicals, including sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and hydrochloric acid.
    • Components in systems exposed to organic and inorganic acids.
  2. Marine and Offshore Industry:
    • Seawater handling systems, including heat exchangers, pumps, and valves exposed to highly corrosive seawater and brine environments.
    • Structural components in offshore platforms, ships, and desalination plants.
  3. Oil and Gas Industry:
    • Piping, heat exchangers, and equipment in offshore oil drilling platforms and subsea systems exposed to aggressive chloride environments.
    • Equipment exposed to sour gas and other corrosive media in refineries.
  4. Pharmaceutical Industry:
    • Manufacturing equipment used in processes that require resistance to corrosive cleaning agents and sterilization procedures.
  5. Pollution Control Equipment:
    • Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) units and scrubbers used in environmental control systems to reduce sulfur emissions from power plants.
  6. Pulp and Paper Industry:
    • Bleaching equipment and other components exposed to aggressive bleaching agents and acidic process streams.
  7. Food and Beverage Industry:
    • Storage tanks and processing equipment for handling acidic foods and beverages, where corrosion resistance and hygiene are critical.

Product Forms of UNS N08904:

UNS N08904 is available in various product forms, ensuring its versatility across industries. Common forms include:

  1. Pipes and Tubes:
    • Available in seamless and welded forms for transporting highly corrosive fluids in chemical and marine applications.
  2. Plates and Sheets:
    • Used in the construction of tanks, heat exchangers, and other large components requiring high corrosion resistance.
  3. Bars and Rods:
    • Supplied in round, flat, and square shapes for manufacturing fasteners, mechanical parts, and structural components.
  4. Fittings and Flanges:
    • Welded and forged fittings and flanges for use in high-performance piping systems.
  5. Wires:
    • Used for welding or in components where corrosion resistance is critical.

Related Standards for UNS N08904:

Several international standards regulate the production and performance of UNS N08904 to ensure its quality and suitability for various applications. Key standards include:

  1. ASTM Standards:
    • ASTM A240: Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications.
    • ASTM A312: Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.
    • ASTM A182: Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service.
  2. ASME Standards:
    • ASME SA-240: Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels.
    • ASME SA-312: Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.
    • ASME SA-182: Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges and Fittings for High-Temperature Service.
  3. EN Standards:
    • EN 10088-2: Stainless steels – Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion-resisting steels for general purposes.
    • EN 10216-5: Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Technical delivery conditions – Part 5: Stainless steel tubes.
  4. ISO Standards:
    • ISO 15156: Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production (for sour service applications).
Corrosion Resistance

Corrosion Resistance

All stainless steels exhibit high resistance to corrosion, making them suitable for a wide range of environments. Low-alloyed grades resist corrosion in atmospheric conditions, while highly alloyed grades can resist corrosion in most acids, alkaline solutions, and chloride-bearing environments, even at elevated temperatures and pressures.

High and Low-temperature Resistance

High and Low-temperature Resistance

Some grades will resist scaling and maintain high strength at very high temperatures, while others demonstrate exceptional toughness at cryogenic conditions.

Ease of Fabrication

Ease of Fabrication

Stainless steel is highly versatile and can be easily cut, welded, formed, machined, and fabricated, allowing for efficient manufacturing processes.

Strength

Strength

Many stainless steel’s cold work hardening properties can optimize design by reducing material thickness, weight, and associated costs. Other stainless steels may be heat-treated to produce very high-strength components.

Aesthetic Appeal

Aesthetic Appeal

Stainless steel is available in many surface finishes. It is easily and simply maintained, resulting in a high-quality, pleasing appearance.

Hygienic Properties

Hygienic Properties

Stainless steel’s cleanability makes it the first choice in environments where hygiene is critical, such as hospitals, kitchens, and food and pharmaceutical processing facilities.

Life Cycle Characteristics

Life Cycle Characteristics

As a durable and low-maintenance material, stainless steel is often the most cost-effective option in life cycle cost comparisons.

100% Recyclable

100% Recyclable and Sustainable

Stainless steel boasts 100% recyclability, with approximately 90% recycling efficiency and rates. It has low embodied energy over the life of its products. It can be reused and repurposed without losing its quality, making it one of the world’s most environmentally friendly materials.